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CFA一级高频问答精选-数量|品职错题本(下)

2019-6-25     来源:

CFA一级高频问答精选-数量|品职错题本(下)


精选问答5

题干A stock is priced at $100.00 and follows a one-period binomial process with an up move that equals 1.05 and a down move that equals 0.97. If 1 million Bernoulli trials are conducted, and the average terminal stock price is $102.00, the probability of an up move (p) is closest to:

A. 0.375

B. 0.500

C. 0.625

答案解析C is correct.

The probability of an up move (p) can be found by solving the equation: (p)uS + (1 – p)dS = (p)105 + (1 – p)97 = 102. Solving for p gives 8p = 5, so that p = 0.625.

解题思路

道题考察的是二项分布下面的二叉树模型。我们一句一句来看题目。首先,当前股票的价格为100,然后有个关键词“one-period binomial”,说明我们可以通过二叉树的图解形式来做这道题。

下面是重点,up move1.05和down move 0.97,这里的1.05和0.97代表的是上升乘数和下降乘数,我们要马上提取信息知道股票上升之后的价格为105,下降之后的价格为97。在经过了1million次试验之后,“average terminal stock price is 102”,我们可以知道多次试验后的平均价格为102。最后是问题:求股价上升的概率。下一步就是画图了:

通过图解我们可以很直观的看懂这道题目的本质,并且求出p,即股价上升的概率。

易错点分析

很多同学一看到这道题目就懵了,咋一看不明白考的是什么知识点。还有一些同学不太明白题目中的1.05和0.97是什么意思,也不知道要如何运用到解题中。有的同学还会受到题目中1million的迷惑,以为这个是解题的关键。对于这类题目,我们首先要找到考点关键词,接着通过画图帮助我们更好的理解题目并得出答案。

精选问答6

题干If a Portfolio's SFR is 1.4 and thre sholdlevel's return is supposed to be 2%, what is the probability of return less than 2%?

A. 8.08%

B. 30.20%

C. 9.68%

答案解析A is correct.

Using the table, we get F( -1.4) is 1 - 0.9192= 8.08%.

解题思路

这道题考察的知识点是第一安全比例(Safety-FirstRatio)。Rp: return; RL: threshold level's return们要求的是P(Rp<RL),即min(P(Rp< RL))=min(shortfallrisk)=min()=min(-)=min(-SFR)

本题已知SFR=1.4,所以)=F(-1.4)查标准正态分布表可知,F(-1.4)=0.0808=8.08%

易错点分析

对于第一安全比例SFR,很多同学很难理清楚整个逻辑。所以当看到题目给出的条件时无从下手,觉得缺了条件,看到解析后更是一头雾水。关于整个推导的过程何老师在基础班讲解的非常详细,如果同学们对整个推导过程还存在疑问,可以再去听一下相关的内容,跟着何老师的逻辑再顺一遍。另外注意,P(Rp<RL)=P(Z<-SFR),这里的负号在转换的过程中不要漏掉了。

精选问答7

题干An analyst develops the following capital market projections.

Assuming the returns of the asset classes are described by normal distributions, which of the following statements is correct?

A.Bonds have a higher probability of a negative return than stocks.

B. On average, 99% of stock returns will fall within two standard deviations of the mean.

C. The probability of a bond return less than or equal to 3% is determined using a Z-score of 0.25.

答案解析A is correct.

The chance of a negative return falls in thearea to the left of 0% under a standard normal curve. By standardizing there turns and standard deviations of the two assets, the likelihood of either asset experiencing a negative return may be determined: Z-score (standardizedvalue) = (X – μ)/σ Z-score for a bond return of 0% = (0 – 2)/5 = –0.40.

Z-scorefor a stock return of 0% = (0 – 10)/15 = –0.67. For bonds, a 0% return falls0.40 standard deviations below the mean return of 2%.

In contrast, for stocks,a 0% return falls 0.67 standard deviations below the mean return of 10%. A standard deviation of 0.40 is less than a standard deviation of 0.67. Negative returnsthus occupy more of the left tail of the bond distribution than the stockdistribution. Thus, bonds are more likely than stocks to experience a negative return.

解题思路

选项A的意思就是,让你比较bond和stock哪个得到负回报的概率比较大。已知bond和stock的均值和标准差,因为这两个资产的return都是服从正态分布的,所以我们首先要把这个一般的正态分布标准化,方便我们求概率。因为我们要求两者产生负回报的概率,即求P(X<0).Stock:X~N(0.1,0.15²) → P(X<0) =P(<)=P(Z<-0.67)Bond: X~N(0.02,0.05²) → P(X<0) =P(<)=P(Z<-0.4)

由图可知,红色部分的面积代表Stock产生负回报的概率,绿色面积代表Bond产生负回报的概率,绿色面积大于红色面积,所以Bond相对于Stock来说产生负回报的概率更高,A选项的描述是正确的。对于B选项,落在均值周围两倍标准差范围内的概率应该是95%的概率不是99%的概率,所以错误。对于C选项,相当于求Bond的return小于等于3%的概率,即P(X≤3%),一样的道理,如下所示:

Bond: X~N(0.02,0.05²) → P(X≤0.03) =P(<)=P(Z≤0.2)所以应该是usinga Z-score of 0.2,而不是0.25,C选项错误。

易错点分析

本题很容易出错是因为首先,对于A选项,很多同学不会一下子联想到把正态分布标准化处理来得到答案,有的同学虽然算出了标准正态分布的Z值,但在判断上觉得-0.67就代表着股票产生负收益的概率比较大,从而出错。还有C选项,有些同学会在标准化过程中出错,比如分子的顺序弄反了等。并且这道题目的解析有点长,很多同学即使看了答案也还是会有不理解的地方。所以我们在做题的时候要学会思维转换,在必要的时候通过画图来帮助我们更好的理解题目并得到答案。

精选问答8

题干Which of the following statements is correct with respect to the null hypothesis?

A. It is considered to be true unless the sample provides evidence showing it is false.

B. It can be stated as "not equal to"provided the alternative hypothesis is stated as "equal to."

C. In a two-tailed test, it is rejectedwhen evidence supports equalitybetween the hypothesized value and population parameter.

答案解析A is correct.

The null hypothesis is the hypothesis to betested. The null hypothesis is considered to be true unless the evidence indicates that it is false, in which case the alternative hypothesis is accepted.

解题思路

A选项说的是,如果没有证据证明原假设是错误的,那么就认为原假设是真的。这个描述是正确的。

B选项的意思是,原假设可以是包含“≠”符号的,备择假设可以是包含“=”符号的,这是错误的,我们一般认为“=”都是存在在原假设中的。

C说的是,在双尾检验中,当证据证明假设值跟总体参数相同时拒绝原假设,这是错误的。原版书的描述是:

We reject the null in favor of the alternative if the evidence indicates that th epopulation parameter is either smaller or larger than θ0.

就是说,当证据证明假设值跟总体参数相同时,我们应该不拒绝原假设。所以C选项错误。

易错点分析

很多同学觉得A选项是错的,因为固有思维觉得原假设是我们想要去拒绝的假设。这句话是没有错,但是不是这个选项的考点。这个选项有个前提条件是,如果没有证据证明原假设是错误的,我们才认为原假设是真的,不拒绝原假设。

对于B选项,很多同学会忽略我们一般把等号放在原假设这一点;或者记反了,以为等号都应该是在备择假设的;要不就是跟着题干的意思来。所以这一个小知识点也是我们应该注意的地方。

至于C选项,很多同学是没有读懂它所表达的意思,就被这句文字绕进去了。所以我们要学会提炼关键词,比如这句话,就要圈出“rejected”、“equality”、“hypothesizedvalue and population parameter”这几个关键词,C选项把“假设值和总体参数值相等”与“拒绝原假设”等同起来,这样一看就能很容易判断出是错误的表述了。

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